Due to their large lens intervals, the resulting frequency distributions are insufficient to satisfy the Nyquist sampling conditions. Traditional architecture designs of the photonics integrated interference imaging systems are of radial patterns and rectangular patterns. The photonics integrated interference imaging technique has attracted intensive attention because of its superior imaging performance and structural compactness. Experimental results demonstrate that the accuracy of the method is comparable to that of the coordinate measuring machine, consequently the manufacturing efficiency and reliability of large optical workpieces can be greatly improved. Then, the form of the upper surface under polishing can be reconstructed to guide the subsequent polishing. Stray light reflected from the lower surface of transparent lenses may degrade the measuring quality, thus an effective absolute phase retrieval algorithm is developed to decouple the superposed fringes associated with the upper and lower surfaces. Therefore, an in-situ measurement system based on the monoscopic deflectometry is developed to determine the form quality of the optical lenses during rough polishing. However, the transport of the workpieces between the polishing platform and the measurement instrument seriously limits the manufacturing efficiency. In the ultra-precision manufacturing of large optics, industrial robots have the potential to become an intelligent and economical choice of surface polishing. Finally, an experiment is conducted to verify the feasibility of the proposed method. Furthermore, a two-step measuring scheme combining the four-step shifting phase and the color-coded fringe is proposed to effectively detect the LDP. Through the established relationship, the attitude variations could be calculated once the LDP are detected. The relationship between the attitude variations and the lateral displacement parameters (LDP) of the imaged structural fringes is derived in the PMD system. This paper proposes a method based on a classical phase measuring deflectometry (PMD) system and a double iteration algorithm to simultaneously measure the three variations of the output mirror in a laser resonator. However, none of the existing methods can detect these three attitude variations at the same time. Accurate and high dynamic range measurement of the three attitude variations (i.e., displacement, pitch, yaw angles) has been widely researched based on various approaches to meet different application requirements.
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